Annotated Bibliography of
Evaluation and Research
for Tobacco Prevention and Control
january 2001
CONTENTS
Section I: Education and Training
Section II: Youth and Community Studies
Section III: Counter-Marketing and Media
Section IV: Reducing Youth Access
Section V: Surveillance and Epidemiology
Section VI: Summary and Integrative Report
Section
VII: Resources and Miscellaneous Reports
For
More Information, Please Contact:
|
Jamey Wise, MS Bureau of Epidemiology Florida Department of Health 4052 Bald Cypress Way, Bin #A12 (mail) Tallahassee, Florida 32399-1743 (850) 245-4406 jamey_wise@doh.state.fl.us |
OR |
Latrina M. Williams, BS Bureau of Epidemiology Florida Department of Health 4052 Bald Cypress Way, Bin #A12 (mail) Tallahassee, Florida 32399-1743 (850) 245-4444 Ext. 2421 latrina_williams@doh.state.fl.us |
EDUCATION AND TRAINING….…………………………………………………………..
Education and Training focuses on school-age children, educating them about the dangers of tobacco use and helping them develop the skills necessary to avoid tobacco. Parents in the effort are enlisted from communities, schools, voluntary agencies, professional organizations and universities.
Section
I
YOUTH AND COMMUNITY STUDIES……………………………….……………………
Youth Programming and Community Partnerships involves youth and adult organizations in tobacco control at the community level. In Florida’s 67 counties, the community partnerships work to focus the collective energies of local organizations and volunteers dedicated to reducing youth tobacco use.
Section II
COUNTER-MARKETING AND MEDIA………………………..…………………………
Marketing and Communications initiatives are a response to the tobacco industry’s $4.83 billion in annual marketing spending. Media and Marketing strategies include advertisement for billboards, radio, and television about the tobacco industry, the dangers of tobacco use, and the dangers of second-hand smoke. Additionally, many events were staged locally and statewide to encourage youth participation and convey the truth message.
Section III
REDUCING YOUTH ACCESS……………………………………………………………..
Enforcement’s mission is to reduce the availability and accessibility of tobacco products to youth by providing education about Florida’s tobacco laws to a broad audience-including youth, retailers, educators, and law enforcement-and by supporting tobacco enforcement efforts throughout the state.
Section IV
SURVEILLANCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY…..……………………………………………..
Surveillance provides baseline data on tobacco use among youth.
Section V
SUMMARY AND INTEGRATIVE REPORTS………………………………..…………...
Evaluation and Research is a crucial component that feeds information on the progress and impact of every program activity to the other components. This allows program planners to continually improve their efforts and ensure that the program goals are met.
Section VI
RESOURCES AND MISCELLANEOUS REPORTS…………………………………….
Section VII
Program Evaluation Report: Artful
Truth-Healthy Propaganda Arts Project
Evaluation of Anti-Tobacco
Education for Grade School Students in Florida: The Artful Truth Health
Propaganda Arts Project
Evaluation of an Elementary School
Anti-Tobacco Book: “The Berenstein Bear Scouts and the Sinister Ring”
Pre-test/Post-test Evaluation of
Tobacco: Crush It! Program with Fourth Grade Students in Florida
Fourth Grade Teachers Process
Evaluation for Tobacco: Crush It! Program in Florida
D.
Eglin Long-Horn of Nightshade County
Evaluation of the Eglin Long-Horn
of Nightshade County” Tobacco Prevention Project
E.
Florida Partners in Prevention of Substance Abuse
(PIPSA)
Evaluation of the PIPSA Tobacco
Pilot Project – Summary Report
Know Smoking Program Evaluation
A Demonstration of N-O-T Program
in Florida: Initial Study Findings from the Twenty Study Schools
An Evaluation of N-O-T in Florida:
Findings from the Pilot Schools
Science, Tobacco, & You
Formative Evaluation: Phase 1 Report
Science, Tobacco, & You
Formative Evaluation: Phase 2 Report
Science, Tobacco, & You
Summary Report
Program Evaluation Report: Sports
for Life Program
J.
Traffic Laws and Substance Abuse Education (TLSAE)
Evaluation of Tobacco Component of
a Driver Education Course
Traffic Law and Substance Abuse Education: Baseline Interim Report
Evaluation of
Tobacco Component of the Traffic Law and Substance Abuse Education Course: Final
Report
K.
College Advocacy Initiative
Building a Smoke-Free Future:
Tobacco Policy Covering Florida’s Institutions of Higher Education
Building a Smoke-Free Future: Best
Practice in Tobacco Prevention on Higher Education Campuses
Building a Tobacco-Free Future:
Campus Action Plan Evaluations
Building a Tobacco-Free Future:
Interim Synthesis Report – Part One Campus Action Plans: Submission and
Resubmission
Role Model Handbook: Development
of Role Model Stories for Tobacco Prevention Education
A.
Communities Working Against Tobacco
Florida Tobacco Control Program
Community Partnerships: Perceptions of Constituencies on Planning and
Implementation, Comparison of Partnership Constituencies
Florida Tobacco Control Program
Community Partnerships: Analysis of Perceptions of Partnership Chairpersons on
Planning Implementation
B.
Tobbaco-Free Community Partnerships and Students Working
Against Tobacco
Focus Groups with Community
Partnership: Large Urban County and Small Rural County
An Evaluation of SWAT Students
Working Against Tobacco: Florida Tobacco Pilot Program
Report of a Case Study of Four
Tobacco-Free Community Partnerships of the Florida Tobacco Pilot Program
Impact of Community Partnerships
Activities on Tobacco-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior Among Youth in
Florida
Florida Pilot Program in Tobacco
Control on Tobacco Control Evaluation Studies
Florida Pilot Program on Tobacco
Control Point-Of-Purchase: Tobacco Marketing in Florida Retail Stores, The Data
Collecting Report
Florida Pilot Program on Tobacco
Control Point-Of-Purchase: Tobacco Marketing in Florida Retail Stores, The Data
Analysis Report
Florida Pilot Program on Tobacco
Control Event Sponsorship: Marketing Tobacco in Florida
Community Context Studies, Phase
II
The Data Analysis Report: Effects
of the Florida Tobacco Pilot Program on Point-Of-Purchase Marketing, Public
Places Regulation &Second-Hand Smoke, Event Sponsorship by Tobacco
Companies, & Tobacco Messages in Local Print Media
D. Community Opinion Leaders Study
Florida Pilot Program on Tobacco
Control Citizen’s Opinions About Tobacco: Florida’s Truth Tracking Survey,
April 1998
Florida Pilot Program on Tobacco
Control Citizen’s Opinions About Tobacco: Florida’s Truth Tracking Survey, May
1998
Florida Pilot Program on Tobacco
Control Citizen’s Opinions About Tobacco: Florida’s Truth Tracking Survey, June
1998
Florida’s Opinion Leaders
Telephone Survey 1999: Providing Social, Education, and Life Quality Research
Florida – Wide, Nationwide, and Globally
Study of Attitude Change Among
Community Leaders Toward Anti-Tobacco Related Issues in 12 Counties
Qualitative Study of Community
Leaders and Coordinators of Florida Anti-Tobacco Partnerships in 12 Counties
Regarding Ways to Increase Adults’ Participation in Reducing Tobacco Use Among
Youth
Florida Kids Campaign Against
Tobacco, Community Opinion Leader Survey Results
Florida Kids Campaign Against
Tobacco, Opinion Leader Survey, Pre-Conference Survey Result
E.
Minority Tobacco Control Task Force
Evaluation of the Implementation
of the Minority Tobacco Control Task Force
Impact of Community Anti-Tobacco
Partnerships on Cigarette Smoking and Committed Non-Smoking Among Youth
Successes and Challenges in
Conducting an Evaluation of Florida’s Tobacco Free Community Partnerships
Comprehensive Tobacco Use
Prevention Education, Cigarette Smoking and Committed Non-Smoking Among Youth
in Florida
Section
I: Education and Training
This program provides
participating educators a resource manual, training, and financial resources.
The curriculum consists of a set of hands-on activities that help children
develop a conceptual framework and vocabulary for analyzing or “reading” visual
images and design. These skills are first developed using images from the
Wolfsonian collection and then applied more specifically to analyzing the
underlying purpose and methods of tobacco advertising.
This
evaluation has as its primary focus the impact of Artful Truth-Healthy
Propaganda Arts Project on the young people who participated in the program.
The analysis will also address in a more limited manner the secondary impact on
participants’ schoolmates and other children and youth who engaged with the
program either through school activities or subsequent experiences provided by
The Wolfsonian. It is also important to view the impact of the program within
the context of other important innovations that characterize the program.
Artful Truth provides a rare opportunity to document the synergy arising from
combining the efforts of public entities with diverse disciplinary orientations
and missions in an important public initiative or campaign. Studying the Artful
Truth Project will also provide insights into how the collection, educational
programs, and public outreach functions of a museum can support social
marketing and communications strategies in public health and other areas.
Lagari, Violet S. MPH, Trapido, Edward ScD, and Rodriguez, Richard MA.
“Evaluation of Anti-Tobacco Education for Grade School Students in Florida: The
Artful Truth Healthy Propaganda Arts Project.” University of Miami School of Medicine
The Artful Truth Healthy Propaganda
Arts Project is a pilot program designed by the Wolfsonian – Florida
International University as part of the Florida Tobacco Pilot Program.
The study
design was a pre/post questionnaire. Students were presented with a tobacco
advertisement and a pre questionnaire about smoking attitudes and behaviors.
The three-month Artful Truth intervention consisted of information sessions and
activities, followed by administration of a post questionnaire.
Artful Truth was successful in improving attitudes toward tobacco when
measuring Florida Tobacco Pilot Program goals; these outcomes do not measure
Artful Truth Goals. The current evaluation addresses the extent to which art
enables youth to recognize tobacco industry manipulation, a goal of Artful
Truth.
Carrazana, Carlos A., M.B.A. “ Evaluation of an Elementary School
Anti-Tobacco Book: The Berenstein Bear Scouts and the Sinister Ring.” University of Miami School of Medicine,
Office of Florida Tobacco Control.
The Berenstain Bears elementary reading program was
created as part of the Florida Tobacco Control Program in 1998 and was funded
by the state settlement with the tobacco industry. The Berenstain Bears books
and companion activity books were distributed to all first, second, and third
graders in Florida. The Berenstain Bears book offers many teaching
opportunities: tobacco prevention, proper communication skills,
decision-making, and respect for self and others.
This study evaluates the
implementation, and to some extent, the effectiveness of an anti-tobacco
intervention in elementary schools. An evaluation is currently being conducted
to determine if schools received the books and activity books, and if they were
implemented as part of the curriculum. In addition, the survey measures whether
the books and workbooks were appropriate instruments for tobacco prevention and
for developing reading skills.
The findings of this study have
useful implications for future health promotion interventions in elementary
schools. This evaluation provides a better understanding of how elementary
schools implement health education programs and the necessary steps that should
be taken to successfully implement these programs.
Perceptive Market Research, Inc.
(February 3, 2000) “Pre-Test/Post-Test Evaluation of Tobacco: Crush It! Program
with 4th Grade Students in Florida.”
This
research evaluates the impact of the ‘Crush It!’ program on 4th
grade students in Florida’s schools. This program was developed to impact
knowledge to 4th grade students about the dangers of tobacco usage.
The major
objective of this research is to determine whether the level of knowledge among
4th graders increased after they used the ‘Crush It!’ program in
their classes. The research also inspects whether change occurred in attitudes
and behavior toward tobacco usage. The research methodology consisted of a
pre-test, exposure to the ‘Crush It!’ program and a post-test design.
The
findings show that the Tobacco: Crush It! Program achieved its major objective,
which was to increase the knowledge among 4th grade students of the
hazards of using tobacco products. Another major achievement of this program
was that on all the questions in this survey, that is, all the knowledge,
attitude and behavior questions, the rate of change between the pre-test and
post-test was positive. Students’ answers were more positive toward
anti-tobacco knowledge, attitudes and behavior in the post-test than in the
pre-test.
The
inclusion of the Crush it! Program in the 4th grade curriculum in
Florida is an excellent example of an intervention that could, when coupled
with other interventions both inside and outside the schools, lead over time to
the reduction of tobacco usage in youngsters in Florida.
Perceptive Market Research, Inc. (February
3, 2000) “Fourth Grade Teachers Process Evaluation for Tobacco: Crush It!
Program in Florida.”
This
research focuses on the evaluation of educational materials called Crush It!
Tobacco, Add Up the cost, were developed for the Florida Department of Health,
Office of Tobacco Control to aid in tobacco prevention activities within the
school and to educate students about the dangers of tobacco use.
The major
objectives of this research are to determine if 4th grade teachers
in Florida received the Crush It! Program, if they used it with their students
or are planning to use it and if they perceived it as effective.
The
research was conducted by telephone, and a sample of 4th grade
teachers from the list of teachers who were sent the Crush It! materials, were
selected for the sampling frame.
The
findings show overwhelmingly (98%) that the teachers who have received the
Crush It! Program has or will use it with their students not only for classroom
lessons but also for homework assignments and for extra-curricular activities.
In summery, the Crush It! Program reached the major objectives of getting the
materials to the 4th grade teachers in Florida schools, of being
used now or in the near future in 4th grade classrooms, of being
rated as excellent or very good overall quality and of helping students with
math studies.
Eglin Long-Horn of Nightshade County
University of Florida, Department of Health Science Education. “Evaluation of the Eglin Long-Horn of
Nightshade County Tobacco Prevention Project.”
The goal of the project was to evaluate the
effectiveness of the Eglin Long-Horn of
Nightshade County program among third graders, geographically representing
the five regions of the Tobacco Pilot Program Community Partnership in Florida.
The evaluation project assessed both qualitative and quantitative aspects.
The evaluation plan will
include observations of professional students’ knowledge, attitudes and
behaviors. Cognitive gains and changes in behavior will also be assessed. Data
collection will be carried out by a pretest/posttest design. There will be an
immediate posttest following the POPS sessions and a delayed posttest six
months later. Further, a teacher satisfaction survey will be used to determine
the middle school teachers’ opinions and approval rate of the “Day of Service.”
The National Resource Center for
Middle Grades Education. (May 22, 2000) “Know Smoking Program Evaluation.” University of South Florida, College of
Education.
This
evaluation is designed to answer a series of strategic questions about the
implementation of the program, its quality of execution, and the type and
quality of outcomes in relation to students’ knowledge, attitudes, and
decision-making skills about tobacco. Methodologies employed consisted of
teacher orientations, student pretest, the teaching of eight Know Smoking lessons, and student
posttest.
Overall,
findings show that teachers gauged students’ reaction to Know Smoking as positive, especially for allowing students to talk
and share, personalize lessons, and relate lessons to real-life family and
society.
Dino, Geri PhD, Horn, Golgcamp, Jennifer MSW, and Kimberly EdD, MSW.
(June 28, 1999) “A Demonstration of N-O-T in Florida: Initial Study Findings
From the 20 Study Schools.” West
Virginia University, Office of Drug Abuse Intervention Studies, Prevention
Research Center, Department of Community Medicine.
The N-O-T
program is undergoing evaluation across the US. However, the state of Florida
has pioneered efforts to conduct statewide feasibility and demonstration
studies of N-O-T during the past 2 years.
This
report (1) provides a summary of the initial 1997-1998 feasibility evaluation
of N-O-T in Florida and West Virginia and (2) discusses the purpose, goals,
design, and preliminary findings of the 1998-1999-demonstration study conducted
in Florida.
The
data suggests that among participants, who attended 2 or more of the 9
sessions, N-O-T significantly impacted both quitting and reducing smoking.
Additionally, N-O-T appeared to be effective for males and females and for
youth from different geographical areas. Consistently, Participants indicated
that both the program and the group approach were helpful in the quitting
process.
Dino, Geri PhD, Golgcamp, Jennifer MSW, and Horn, Kimberly EdD, MSW.
(June 28, 1999) “An Evaluation of N-O-T in Florida: Findings From Pilot
Schools.” West Virginia University,
Office of Drug Abuse Intervention Studies, Prevention Research Center,
Department of Community Medicine.
The West
Virginia University Prevention Research Center’s Office of Drug Abuse
Intervention Studies would analyze and summarize the data for the 60 non-study
schools participating in the Florida
Tobacco Control Pilot Project.
These
schools delivered the Not On Tobacco (N-O-T) program in the spring semester of
1999, using the standard pre- and post-assessment measures found in the N-O-T
curriculum.
Results
suggest that the N-O-T program was effective for participating youth of varying
races/ethnicity and for both genders.
T. D. Weiden Consulting. (June 2000) “Science, Tobacco, &
You:Formative Evaluation, Phase 1 Report.” University of Miami School of
Medicine, Office of Tobacco Control and Florida Department of Health, Office of
Tobacco Control.
Science, Tobacco & You is a
multidisciplinary science curriculum resource that provides forth and fifth grade
students and their teachers with a set of hands-on, inquiry-based resources
that use the theme of tobacco use prevention as the context.
A major
goal of the program is to reduce tobacco use as students move into the
vulnerable years of middle school. As of May 2000, 911 teachers and others
across Florida have attended one of the 27 regional Train-the-Trainer
workshops, and 3,564 Science, Tobacco
& You resource packages have been distributed for use in the classroom.
The
present, formative evaluation is the first of a three phase evaluation of Science, Tobacco & You. It focuses
on how teachers are using the program, their experiences with it, and their
views and opinions about it.
T.D. Weiden Consulting. (August 2000) “Science, Tobacco & You:
Outcome Evaluation, Phase 2 Report.”
University of Miami School of Medicine, Office of Tobacco Control and
Florida Department of Health, Office of Tobacco Control.
Science, Tobacco & You is a
multidisciplinary science curriculum resource that provides 4th and 5th grade
students and their teachers with a set of hands-on, inquiry-based resources
that use the theme of tobacco use prevention as the context. The purpose of
this evaluation is to assess the program’s effectiveness in changing students’
knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs about tobacco use and its effects
on the body. Pre- and post-test scores of 802 students from 45 different
classrooms who used Science, Tobacco & You (the Program Group) were
compared with those of a Comparison Group of 501 students from 30 different
classrooms who had not used the program. Program and Comparison Group students
in the matched-test samples did not reliably differ in terms of grade, gender,
and race/ethnicity. Pre-test to pos-test gains, however, were reliably greater
for Science, Tobacco & You students (those in the Program Group), as
compared to the those in the Comparison Group, in knowledge about respiration,
heart rate, and the body systems affected by tobacco use, and in beliefs and
attitudes about tobacco use. Though not unexpectedly, Science, Tobacco &
You did not effectively reduce tobacco use among 4th and 5th
grade students over the 60 day, on average, pre- to post-test interval used in
this study, nor did it reduce their intention to do so soon. It also did not
appear to cause students to have a less stereotypic view of scientists (which
was very low for these students to begin with), as measured by a modified
version of the draw-a-scientist test (DAST).
T.D. Weiden Consulting. (October 3, 2000) “Science, Tobacco & You: Summary Report.” University of Miami School of Medicine,
Office of Tobacco Control and Florida Department of Health, Office of Tobacco
Control.
Science,
Tobacco & You is a multidisciplinary science curriculum resource
that provides 4th and 5th grade students and their
teachers with a set of hands-on, inquiry-based resources that use the theme of
tobacco use prevention as the context. The program was developed by the Center
for Integrating Research and Learning, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory,
Florida State University, and Training Solutions Interactive, Inc. Funding for
the dissemination of the program in Florida, as well as its evaluation, has
been provided by the Office of Tobacco Control, Florida Department of Health.
This report is a summary of a three phase evaluation of this program. The first
phase, or Formative Evaluation, focuses on how teachers use the program, their
experiences with it, and their views and opinions about it. The second phase,
or Outcome Evaluation, assess the effectiveness of the program in changing
students’ knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs about tobacco use and
its effects on the body. It includes a comparison of pre- and post-test scores
of students who have used Science, Tobacco & You with those of a
comparable group of students who have not used the program. The third phase, or
Classroom Observations, includes a series of classroom observations designed to
explore how students respond to the program and to identify variables of
interest for future study.
The goal of the Sports for Life Program was to attract youth to participate in sports, a positive tobacco-free message. It was intended to serve both youth who are currently involved in mainstream organized team and individualized sports and for other youth who are engaged or attracted to “alternative” or “extreme” sporting activities who may be more at risk for smoking behaviors.
Team
Sports Championships, Skills Challenge and Awards Program were distinct but
interrelated tracks that were included in the program to maximize the number of
youth involved and the quality of the experience with the Sports for Life
events.
This
evaluation report focused on the following components – Community studies,
conducted to determine “Best Practices” of effective programs, Analysis of
Pledge Cards and Evaluation of Skills Challenge Curriculum.
Traffic Law Substance Abuse
Education (TLSAE)
Carreira, J., Leffel, B., Trapido,
E., and Rodriguez, R. “Evaluation of
Tobacco Component of a Driver Education Course.”
This abstract presents
the evaluation of this additional tobacco education segment. The objective of
this evaluation is to determine any changes in tobacco-related attitudes and
knowledge among T.L.S.A.E. students exposed to the one-hour tobacco prevention
education unit, through pre- and post-intervention interviews. The evaluation
is ongoing and scheduled to be completed by late June of 2000. Participants
were given a toll-free number to call in order to receive a registration number
for the T.L.S.A.E. course. The time participants were asked interview for the
study when they called for their registration number. Baseline data collection
for the “treatment” group is complete, with 946 surveys. Follow-up is underway
and is performed approximately six weeks after baseline. The control group was
obtained randomly through driver license records. These participants did not
receive the one-hour tobacco segment as part of their driver education course.
University of Miami, Research and Evaluation Coordinating Center. (May
30, 2000) “Traffic Law and Substance Abuse Education, Baseline Interim Report.”
The
University of Miami Research and Evaluation Coordinating Center has been
charged with the evaluation tobacco segment. A pretest/posttest format has been
designed using a questionnaire. Changes in knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs
will be measured and analyzed.
A
comprehensive evaluation will test the effectiveness of this program and it’s
success. Any changes in knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs will be demonstrated
in the follow-up report. The report will include regression analyses to
determine if significant change occurred between the pretest and posttest
responses.
The objective of the additional tobacco education hour of the Traffic Law and Substance Abuse Education (TLSAE) program is to increase tobacco related knowledge and to determine and modify the attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of teenage youth who are seeking a drivers license in the state of Florida. This study surveyed a total of 1275 students. 975 were experimental participants and 300 were control participants.
This study found that participants’ tobacco related knowledge was high prior to the program and had a minimal increase after the program. A significant positive change in male attitudes towards anti-tobacco advertising was seen, however there was no observed change in females or the entire group overall. Many sub-groups saw a negative change in attitudes and beliefs. The smoking rate in the sample was relatively low (10.8%) compared to FYTS findings in this age group. There was no significant change in smoking behavior overall, however there was a minor increase in the smoking rate for females who smoked "because it made them feel comfortable". The most notable finding in this study indicates that an overwhelming majority (92%)of non-smoking participants were encouraged to remain non-smokers due to information received during the course and 58% of smokers reported that the course encouraged them to stop smoking.
The purpose of this
Policy Research Report is to identify current policies regarding tobacco use on
Florida’s 10 university and 28 community college campuses. The present report
is an attempt to present a profile of the policies and practices approved by
the government boards of the State educational system and its individual
institutions regarding tobacco.
This
report is the second in a series of reports concerned with tobacco awareness in
higher education. This involved an investigation of the population who smoke,
the reasons behind their smoking habit, and what strategies seem to work best
in affecting behavioral change.
The Florida State University, Learning Ventures Cooperative Center for
Policy Studies in Education. (February 2000) “Building a Smoke-Free Future:
Best Practice in Tobacco Prevention on Higher Education Campuses.” Florida Department of Health: The Florida
College Advocacy Project.
This report presents
initial results of a survey of best practices developed throughout the nation
in the effort to prevent tobacco abuse and to promote smoke-free lifestyles on
college and university campuses. It is designed to fulfill one of the key
objectives set for Florida State University in its contract with the Florida
Department of Health:
“To
investigate best practices in substance abuse prevention programming in higher
education throughout the country and lessons of this experience that are
applicable to tobacco prevention programming in Florida.”
‘Best practice’ means
strategies and methods that ‘work’ – that is, approaches that are successful in
preventing tobacco use and addiction, or in promoting cessation, among the
target age group: 18 to 24 years olds.
The Florida State University, Learning Ventures Cooperative Center for
Policy Studies in Education. (March
2000) “Building a Tobacco-Free Future: Campus Action Plan Evaluations.” Florida Department of Health: The Florida College
Advocacy Project.
This
report evaluates the Campus Action Plans of the six Florida Pilot Institutions
using an evaluation model developed from the Florida Department of Health’s
vision of a tobacco-free collegiate population and their corresponding goals
for the college advocacy project.
Given the short
term-span between initial evaluations and action plan implementation, and the
strong desire to use the spring implementation as a springboard and learning
process for a possible wider effort at achieving FDOH’s vision of a
tobacco-free collegiate population, the report focus the evaluations/comments
on the strength of the proposed strategy and the incorporation of formative
evaluation into the scheme.
The Florida State University,
Learning Ventures Cooperative Center for Policy Studies in Education. (March 15, 2000) “Building a Tobacco-Free
Future: Interim Synthesis Report – Part One Campus Action Plans, Submission and
Resubmission.” Florida Department of
Health: The Florida College Advocacy Project.
At the midway point in the tobacco awareness project, the College Advocacy Initiative as proposed originally by the Center for Policy Studies appropriately intersects with the effort of the Florida Center for Tobacco Education at Florida State University to consider the Campus Action Plans submitted by the six pilot sites.
This
report describes the course of action undertaken at this point of convergence.
Obeso, George L. Ph.D. (December 22, 1999) “Role Model Handbook:
Development of Role Model Stories for Tobacco Prevention Education.” Florida Tobacco Pilot Project. University of
Miami, Research & Evaluation Coordinating Center.
This
manual is designed to help community leaders and program organizers develop
effective role model stories for community-based smoking intervention-education
campaigns. It offers guidance for planning a smoking intervention-education
program based on the basic principals of mass communication and “ behavioral
journalism” that incorporate the personal stories of role models into radio and
television broadcasts as well as newspaper and magazine articles. The health
communication model described in this manual has been successfully field-tested
in populations that traditionally have had limited access to health care and
medical knowledge.
Section II: Youth and Community Studies
Communities Working Against Tobacco
Brown, C. Perry Dr.P.H., Friedlob, Alan S. Ph.D., and Harris, Cynthia
M. Ph.D., DABT. (March 1999) “Florida
Tobacco Control Program Community Partnerships: Perceptions of Constituencies
on Planning and Implementation, Comparison of Partnership Constituencies.” Florida A & M University, Institute of
Public Health.
The purpose of this survey was to evaluate the
overall experience with the initial development and operation of the Community
Partnerships. The areas of focus were the perceived successes and potential
problem areas in the recruitment, interactions and workings of the Partnership
members. Specific questions asked about the recruitment of minority
participants, interactions between adults and youth, perceived negative outside
influences, interrelationship with the State Tobacco Program Office, and the
process for developing goals, objectives, and strategies to achieve same.
Brown, C. Perry Dr. P.H., Friedlob, Alan S. Ph.D., and Harris, Cynthia
M. Ph.D., DABT. (March 31, 1999) “Florida Tobacco Control Program
Community Partnerships: Analysis of Perceptions of Partnership Chairpersons on
Planning and Implementation.” Florida A & M University, Institute of Public
Health.
Each of the county partnerships has a chairperson.
One aim of the project was to survey each of the adult chairpersons of the
partnerships. The chairpersons were asked their perception of the Partnerships
consideration of scientific data, information from other programs, what the
partnerships could do with existing resources, obtaining community support,
what the State program Office wanted, the controversial nature of their
program, and what youth would become involved in.
Chairs
were also asked about their level of satisfaction with a number of factors
relating to the manner in which the Partnership was going about the business of
tobacco control, and concerns with factors, which might affect the Partnerships
ability to achieve its goals.
Florida Research Institute. (March
30, 1999) “Focus Groups with Community Partnership: Large Urban County and
Small Rural County.”
This focus
group research was conducted with members of two county Community Partnership
groups sponsored by the State of Florida’s Tobacco-Free Pilot Program. These
Community Partnership were developed to aid in the implementation of an
innovative and effective education, marketing, prevention and enforcement
campaign that empowers young people to live tobacco-free lives.
This was
to aid in the development of a questionnaire for a large-scale, in-depth survey
of members of the Community Partnership of the Tobacco-Free Pilot Program. This
survey will examine the process by which the Community Partnerships have
developed and grown during the past year.
Klein,
Stefanie. (October 2000). “An Evaluation of SWAT Students Working Against
Tobacco
Florida
Tobacco Pilot Program.” University of
Miami Tobacco Research and Evaluation Coordinating Center (TRECC).
At a four-day teen summit in March 1998,
approximately 600 Florida middle and high school students helped develop and
launch a teen-inspired and teen-driven program: “Truth-A Generation United
Against Tobacco.” Students Working Against Tobacco (SWAT), a grassroots
advocacy organization created by Florida’s youth, carries the messages of
“truth” throughout the state. Through
SWAT, Florida’s youth are given the opportunity to voice their opinions and
save their peers from becoming the tobacco industry’s next victims. This report examines the involvement of SWAT
as it relates to different aspects of the Florida Tobacco Pilot Program, in
particular SWAT involvement in Community Partnerships and awareness of SWAT as
reported by the Florida Youth Cohort Study and the Florida Anti-Tobacco Media
Evaluation. An evaluation of SWAT
recommends that awareness of SWAT and SWAT activities needs to be continued and
increased, and that a continued effort also needs to be made to reach out to
those not already involved.
The Tobacco-Free Community Partnerships are an integral component of the Florida Tobacco Pilot Program. The purpose of this project is to advance a comprehensive understanding of those partnerships by interviewing partnership members. Four counties (Alachua, Flagler, Gadsden, and Miami-Dade) were selected to participate in this study. Five members from each partnership were interviewed. The interviews consisted of questions about the partnerships’ purpose, work and communication patterns, and relationships to community and state organizations. An analysis of the interview data demonstrates that the partnerships are more similar than dissimilar. Each of the partnerships have unique characteristics, however, which appear related to characteristics of the partnership coordinator, the expectations and involvement of community members, and variables related to the communities. Observed strengths and challenges of each partnership are identified as well as those that are common to the partnerships studied. Recommendations for the continued improvement of the partnership component are also made.
Weatherby,
Norman. (December 11, 2000). “Impact of
Community Partnership Activities on Tobacco-Related Knowledge, Attitudes and
Behavior Among Youth in Florida.” University of Miami Tobacco Research and
Evaluation Coordinating Center (TRECC).
Activities of Community Anti-Tobacco partnerships may lead
to reductions in tobacco use, increases in committed non-smoking, and
improvements in tobacco-related knowledge and attitudes among youth.
Youth participation in community
events is stable or declining across the counties of Florida. There is some indication that partnerships
that sponsor many events and who have many youth that participate in these events
may be helping to increase participation of youth in the counties (not just
youth in SWAT or the partnerships), especially for females.
Also, throughout the counties of
Florida, between 2% and 6% of the youth belong to SWAT. SWAT membership, as reported by the Community
Partnerships, has a beneficial effect on current cigarette use among high
school males and females, and on committed non-smoking among high school males.
Ferguson, Mary Ann, Gill,
Kimberly, Gopalakrishnan, Vijoy, O’malley, Michelle, and Singh, Sumita (May 12,
1998) “Florida Pilot Program on Tobacco Control Evaluation Studies.” University
of Florida, Communication Research Center.
This report presents The
Purpose, The Importance and The Samples of (1) Point-of-Purchase Study, (2)
Sponsorship Study, and (3) Tracking Study
(Annotation Forthcoming)
University of Florida,
Communication Research Center (May 28, 1998) “Florida Pilot Program on Tobacco
Control Point-Of-Purchase: Tobacco Marketing in Florida Retail Stores, The Data
Collecting Report.”
This study
establishes a baseline count of in-store pro-tobacco advertising, promotional
materials, and Point-of-Purchase campaigns in retail stores in Florida.
This
research used a random sample of 300 Florida retail stores stratified by
grocery stores, convenience stores, gas stations, and drug stores/pharmacies.
Observers visited a total of 305 stores and returned tobacco product
promotional materials with their observation forms from 48 of the visits.
This
report covers the literature reviewed for the study, reports the methods of
data collection, and enumerates the variables collected.
Communication Research Center
(August 3, 1998) “Florida Pilot Program On Tobacco Control Point-of-Purchase:
Tobacco Marketing in Florida retail Stores, The Data Analysis Report.” 1 (2).
In light
of new legislation in Florida to reduce and prevent tobacco use among
teenagers, it is important to track the patterns and changes in the
advertising, promotions, and point-of-purchase (PoP) campaigns of tobacco
companies in Florida. This study establishes a baseline count of in-store
pro-tobacco advertising, promotional materials, and PoP campaigns in retail
stores in Florida.
University of Florida,
Communication Research Center. (August 3, 1998) “Florida Pilot Program On
Tobacco Control Event Sponsorship: Marketing Tobacco In Florida, The Data
Analysis Report.” 2 (2).
This report presents the data analysis for a study that examines tobacco sponsorship at Florida events that attract school-aged children. This study provides a benchmark for how tobacco companies currently promote their products at sports and community events attended by youngsters.
Ferguson,
Mary Ann. (December 7, 2000).
“Community Context Studies Phase II.”
College of Journalism and Communication, University of Florida
The Florida Community Context studies portray
tobacco marketing efforts for 342 randomly selected gas stations and
convenience stores and 65 public events.
Researchers also observed 335 public places for adherence to the Florida
Indoor Clean Air Act and second-hand smoke exposure. Data for 2000 are compared for the same public places, retail
units, and public events in 1999. There
are favorable changes in tobacco marketing for active community partnerships
that are not found for inactive partnerships. On the other hand, public places
are more likely to expose young people to second-hand smoke in Hispanic regions
than in others, while smoking prohibited signs are more likely found in white
regions than in others. Tobacco
marketing signage was down in white regions by 37% but up in Hispanic regions
by 32% and up in African-American regions by 13%. Market prevalence increased for Newport, Camel, and Doral, but
dropped for Marlboro and Winston.
Ferguson, Dr. Mary Ann, Director.
“The Data Analysis Report: Effects of the Florida Tobacco Pilot Program on
Point-Of-Purchase Marketing, Public Places Regulation & Second-Hand Smoke,
Event Sponsorship by Tobacco Companies, & Tobacco Messages in Local Print
Media.” University of Florida,
Community Research Center, Associate Dean for Research, College of Journalism
and Communication.
The
Communication Research Center conducted the four studies of the effects of the
Florida Tobacco Pilot Program on:
¨ Point-of-Purchase Marketing
The 1999 POP study analyzes
current tobacco-marketing trends through observations of Florida retail stores
and reveals information about product accessibility, price, promotional
tactics, and enforcement of sales-to-minors regulations.
¨
Public Place Regulations and Second-Hand Smoke
The Florida Clean Indoor Air Act
exists to protect Floridians’ health. To discover how Florida public places
comply with the Act and the amount of secondary smoke exposure Floridians
experience in public places, observers visited 300 such places.
¨
Event Sponsorship by Tobacco Companies This study collects
information on the presence of tobacco at events in Florida. Observers attended
120 events and observed trends in tobacco marketing and promotion at these
events.
¨
Tobacco Messages in Local Print Media
This study identifies the presence
of tobacco messages in publications within an ethnic community’s print media.
Researchers
look at the relationship of the type of public place, the ethnicity of the
region, the population density, and the community partnership rating by
Comparisons of African-American, Hispanic, and White in Rural & Urban
Communities.
Community Opinion Leaders Study
University of Florida,
Communication Research Center. (May 28, 1998) “Florida Pilot Program on Tobacco
Control Citizens’ Opinions about Tobacco: Florida’s Truth Tracking Survey April
1998.”
This report presents results of the April 1998 household-based daily tracking survey of public attitudes and opinions toward the ongoing Truth campaign and the tobacco industry. The report includes the major findings from the April 1998 COAT Survey, the data collection methodology, and the sources consulted.
University of Florida,
Communication Research Center (June 25, 1998) “Florida Pilot Program on Tobacco
Control Citizens’ Opinions about Tobacco: Florida’s Truth Tracking
Survey.” 3 (May 1998).
This
report presents results of the second monthly household-based daily tracking
survey of public attitudes and opinions toward the Florida Pilot Program on
Tobacco Control’s ongoing Truth advertising and media campaign and the tobacco
industry.
The
findings assess the reach and effect of the campaign among Florida households.
Included are the major findings from the may 1998 COAT Survey plus comparison
with the April 1998 surveys. The report also presents a list of recommendation
for program developer to consider.
University of Florida,
Communication Research Center. (July
31, 1998) “Florida Pilot Program on Tobacco Control Citizen’s Opinions about
Tobacco: Florida’s Truth Tracking Survey.”
June 1998: 3 (3).
This report presents
results of the third monthly household-based daily tracking survey of public
attitudes and opinions toward the Florida Pilot Program on Tobacco Control’s
ongoing Truth advertising and media campaign and the tobacco industry.
The
findings assess the reach and effect of the campaign among Florida households.
Included are the major findings from the June 1998 COAT Survey plus comparison
with the April and May 1998 surveys. The report also presents a list of
recommendation for program developer to consider.
Florida Research Institute (1999)
“Florida Opinion Leaders Telephone Survey 1999: Providing Social, Education and
Life Quality Research Florida-Wide, Nationwide and Globally.”
This
research compares the attitudes and behavior of community leaders across the
state of Florida before the Florida Tobacco Free Pilot Program began to their
attitudes and behavior at the end of the program’s first year. Two thousand (2,000) community leaders were
interviewed by telephone in 1999 as compared to 1,000 in 1998. The leaders’ attitudes toward tobacco use by
teens, their attitudes toward tobacco control efforts and their knowledge of
the state and community efforts to control tobacco use are compared for the two
time periods.
The findings show that overall attitudes toward these issues did
not change significantly between 1998 and 1999. However, attitudes were significantly more positive on the following
items:
1.
People should never smoke
2.
Youth under 18 should be made to pay fines if caught purchasing
cigarettes
3.
Smoking in outdoor public areas should be restricted
4.
The tobacco coalition has made a positive impact
Florida
Research Institute. (December 2000).
“Study of Attitude Change Among Community Leaders Toward Anti-Tobacco
Related Issues in 12 Counties.”
Gainesville, Florida.
This research compares the attitudes of community leaders on anti-tobacco related issues in twelve counties in Florida in 1998, 1999 and 2000. In 2000, 480 community leaders were interviewed by telephone as compared to 382 in 1999 and 213 in 1998. Counties represented urban and rural areas, three racial groups, and evaluation scores from the previous year. This research covers the same counties that were studied in the qualitative study of community leaders and Partnership Coordinators that was conducted simultaneously in 2000.
The community leaders’ attitudes
toward measures for reducing tobacco use by teens and attitudes toward the
impact of the Tobacco Coalition on teen tobacco use were compared for the time
periods.
The findings showed that the pace
of positive change in attitudes toward anti-tobacco related issues increased
between 1999 and 2000. Also, the
perception that the tobacco coalition made an impact on reducing teen tobacco
use was significantly higher in 2000 than in 1999.
Florida
Research Institute. (December 2000). “Qualitative Study of Community Leaders
and Coordinators of Florida Anti-Tobacco Partnerships in 12 Counties Regarding
Ways to Increase Adults’ Participation in Reducing Tobacco Use Among Youth.”
Gainesville, Florida.
This research examines, through
focus groups and in-depth interviews, attitudes of community leaders and
coordinators on how to influence adults’ participation in reducing tobacco use
among the young. Counties represented
urban and rural areas, three racial groups, and evaluation scores from the
previous year.
Community leaders were asked about
awareness of the anti-tobacco program in their county, knowledge of activities
focusing on getting adults involved in reducing teen tobacco use, attitudes
toward several tobacco-related issues and suggestions for increasing adult
participation.
Coordinators
were asked to describe partnership activities geared to getting adults involved
in reducing teen tobacco use, success of these activities, evaluation of
adults’ attitudes toward tobacco-related issues and suggestions for increased
adult participation.
Comparisons
were made between perceptions of the community leaders and the
coordinators. Activities carried out by
the partnerships were compared to workplans.
An extensive description of suggestions for influencing adults to become
involved both in the partnerships and in reducing tobacco use among teens in
general was developed.
Farrell, Joan Ph.D., Hallan,
Jerome B., Livingood, William C. Ph.D.,
Jopling Sayre, Judith M.A.J.C., Ph.D., Werch, Chudley E. Ph.D., and Wludyka,
Peter Ph.D. “Florida Kids Campaign
Against Tobacco Community Opinion Leader Survey Results.” University of North Florida, College of
Health, Center for Drug Prevention and Health Promotion.
This community assessment focused on opinion leaders who were previously identified by local community leaders related to youth, business, minority-ethnicity, and health. Media executives also were included because of their potential to shape community awareness, values, and perceptions.
The
survey included a number of closed-ended questions and in-depth open-ended
questions of 253 opinion leaders and the results provide a number of concerning
critical issues involved with reducing the prevalence of tobacco use by youth
within local communities.
Livingood, William C. Ph.D.,
Sayre, Judy M.A., Wludyka, Peter Ph.D.
“Florida Kids Campaign Against Tobacco Opinion Leader Survey
Pre-Conference Survey Results.”
University of North Florida, College of Health
This is a survey result of key community opinion leaders with initial implementation of the Florida Kids Campaign Against Tobacco project. A broad range of opinion leaders was to be sampled, preferably in all counties of the state. The purpose was to collect base line data on opinions and attitudes related to tobacco use and control.
Conducted
in response to a request from the Florida Legislature, this study is part of
the Tobacco Pilot Program funded under the suit settlement with the tobacco
industry. This report presents the preliminary conclusions from a
pre-conference survey of community leaders attending a series of four statewide
conferences.
Minority Tobacco Control Task Force
In October
1999, Florida’s Secretary of Health appointed the Minority Tobacco Control Task
Force (MTCTF) as part of the ongoing efforts of the Tobacco Pilot Program to
facilitate the participation of minority organizations and groups in the fight
against tobacco. To do this, $1 million
was allocated for tobacco control and prevention activities in minority
communities. The MTCTF decided to educate targeted audiences about tobacco use,
through approximately twenty-five to fifty mini-grants, which would be funded
out of the $1 million. These grants would range from $2,500 to $24,999.
Of 176 applicants to the program,
46 projects totaling $668,694.57 were funded.
The awards ranged from $2,599to $24,925. Interviews of all members of the MTCTF were conducted during the
month of October 2000 by the University of Miami Tobacco Research and
Evaluation Coordinating Center, in order to get feedback regarding the
implementation of the MTCTF and to determine the process by which organizations
were chosen for these grant awards.
Bauer, Ursula E. Ph.D., Garcia, Luis Miguel M.D., M.P.H., Hopkins,
Richard S. M.D., M.S.P.H., Kershaw, Josephine M.B.A, Klein, Stefanie Ph.D.,
Johnson, Tammie M. M.A., Trapido, Edward Sc.D., Mae Waters, Ph.D., Norman L.
Weatherby, Ph.D., and Wise, Jamey M.S.
“Impact of Community Anti-Tobacco Partnerships on Cigarette Smoking and
Committed Non-Smoking Among Youth.”
In 1998,
Community Partnerships were established in all 67 counties of Florida with
funding from the Tobacco Pilot program. This study tests the hypothesis that,
among youth, there will be greater declines in current cigarette use and
greater increases in committed non-smoking in counties with
excellent-performing partnerships than in counties where partnerships had average
performance or performance that needed improvement.
Results
show that significant decreases in current cigarette use by middle school males
and females occurred in counties where partnership performance was excellent.
The proportion of middle and high school males and females who were committed
non-smokers increased significantly in counties with excellent-performing
partnerships. Committed non-smoking also increased significantly among high
school males and females in counties with average-performance partnerships.
Well-organized
and active Community Partnerships have a positive impact on cigarette smoking
among middle school youth and committed non-smoking among both high school and
middle school youth. Program activities for high school youth that address the
needs of current smokers for cessation services should be enhanced.
Florida Tobacco Pilot Program: The Community Partnerships and Youth
Component. “Successes and Challenges in
Conducting an Evaluation of Florida’s Tobacco Free Community Partnerships.”
The
Community Partnerships and Youth Component of Florida’s Tobacco Pilot Program
(TPP) represent anti-tobacco community coalitions in all of the state’s 67
counties. Each quarter, the Partnership Coordinator completes a report
summarizing the activities of the partnership, including the extent to which
objectives for each program goal were reached. The data are summarized and thus
provide an ongoing measure of the activities of the Partnerships.
Evaluation
of the Partnerships is based in part on 57 empirical measures of performance,
including number of members and their demographics, membership organizational
representation, types of development activities, and fulfillment of objectives
for each program goal. The final analysis consists of summarizing how each
partnership compares to the other partnerships. This has enabled successful
development of a quarterly ranking system; however, challenges remain,
including identification of what constitutes an “effective” Partnership.
Bauer, Ursula Ph.D., Garcia, Luis
Miguel M.D., M.P.H., Hopkins, Richard M.D., Klein, Stefanie M.A., Trapido,
Edward Sc.D., Weatherby, Norman L. Ph.D., Wise, Jamey M.S. “Comprehensive
Tobacco Use Prevention Education, Cigarette Smoking and Committed Non-Smoking
among Youth in Florida.”
Comprehensive tobacco use prevention education
(TUPE) is being implemented in middle and high schools in each of Florida’s 67
counties. This study tests the hypothesis that the more schools in a county
implement TUPE, the lower will be the prevalence of cigarette use and higher
will be committed non-smoking among middle school and high school students.
Counties were ranked
as no activity, improvement needed, average, and excellent according to the
number of middle schools and the number of high schools that adopted TUPE in
1998. Prevalence of cigarette use and proportion of committed non-smoking among
middle school and high school males and females were estimated by county rank.
Counties’ implementation of TUPE was significantly
related to the decline in current cigarette smoking among middle males and
females.
Section III: Counter-Marketing and Media
The Florida
State University. (July 31, 1998) “Florida Anti-Tobacco Media Evaluation
(FAME) Final Report.”
From late
March through July 1998 the Florida Anti-Tobacco Media Evaluation (FAME)
project was conducted. This project was designed to develop and test an
appropriate methodology for evaluating the Tobacco Pilot Program’s (TTP)
anti-tobacco media campaign. The necessary data for evaluation was obtained
using telephone surveys sampling the TTP’s settlement mandated target
population, youth between the ages of 12 – 17. A Florida pilot Survey (FPS) and
a National Pilot Survey (NPS) were conducted in April and May, followed by a
Florida Campaign Survey (FSC1) in June.
This report initially
focuses on the early phases of the project and data from the two pilot surveys
and summarizes the key findings from the FCS1 survey. The FCS1 survey results
provide preliminary indications of audience responses to the anti-tobacco media
campaign. Furthermore, the pilot and campaign surveys provide information that
will allow for evaluation of program effects using a repeated serialized survey
methodology. Ultimately these surveys will be useful for directly informing
program managers and policy makers about the evolving objectives and
accomplishments of the TPP program.
The Florida State University
(September 1998) “Florida Anti-Tobacco
Media Evaluation Report on SEPTEMBER 1998, Survey Results.”
This document reports on the third statewide survey
of adolescents that has been conducted as part of the Florida Anti-tobacco
Media evaluation (FAME) project.
This
report summarizes the basic objectives of the project, outlines the survey
methodology, and presents major results from the September survey and a limited
number of comparisons between the September survey and the two earlier surveys.
Porter Novelli (September
1998) “Truth: Media Placement Report,
Truth Tour ’98.”
This
report presents media coverage of ongoing Florida Tobacco pilot Program
activities, is a specifically highlighting the most recent Truth Campaign event
– the Truth Tour. On July 31, 1998, the Truth Train departed Pensacola, Florida
for a ten-day, 13-city tour of the state, concluding in Miami on the 10th
of August. Media coverage of the Truth Tour was very successful in both the
state of Florida and nationally. Media coverage of the Truth Tour produced
28,022,761 print impressions, and 23,546,000 electronic impressions, for a total
of 51,568,761 impressions.
Prior to the Truth Tour, the Truth Campaign drew
favorable media attention for its efforts in combating the misleading
advertisements from the tobacco industry, and the false representations made to
the nation’s youth by film/entertainment professionals. This unprecedented
youth anti-tobacco campaign, funded solely by money obtained in a tobacco
settlement won by the state of Florida, has gained more than 28,867,602 print
media impressions. This report includes Truth Campaign coverage, which appeared
since the last media placement report (June 1, 1998).
This
media report mostly emphasizes the impact the Truth Tour had on the nation’s
youth and media. However, the Truth Campaign is continuously being featured in
many of Florida’s newspapers, and other publications from around the country.
Heald, Gary R., Ray, Sarah, and Slay, David F. “The “truth” Anti-Tobacco Media Evaluation:
Design, First Year Results and Implications for Planning Future Evaluations.”
The
objectives of this report were to outline the design and present basic findings
from the evaluation of a state level counter-advising, anti-tobacco media
campaign.
Results
show significant increases in ad specific receptivity and campaign awareness
and confirmed awareness were reached by the sixth week of the campaign. They
continued to rise through the first year.
The
basic evaluation design performed well to track and monitor changes in the
level of awareness and confirmed awareness of specific ads and the campaign as
well as receptivity of specific ads. The quasi-experimental design component of
the evaluation demonstrated a clear effect on attitudes/beliefs, and smoking
related behavior changes in the target population.
The report includes two measures of smoking behavior,
each measured at two points in time. A single measure of advertising
effectiveness that rigorously measures exposure to advertisements and
advertisement specific message content a well as cognitive awareness of the
campaign message is related to maintenance/change in cigarette use behavior.
Hopkins, Richard S. MD, MSPH, Ray,
Sarah MA, Trapido, Edward ScD, and Sly, David F. PhD. “Behavior Change and Maintenance During the Early Stages of The
“truth” Campaign: The Influence of a Counter-Advertising Media Campaign on
Cigarette Uptake.”
The major objective of the work reported here was to
test the hypothesis that a counter advertising media campaign can reduce the
rate of cigarette uptake. The hypothesis is tasted with a longitudinal,
multivariate design, and within the context of an intense statewide industry
manipulation counter advertising campaign.
Hopkins, Richard S., Mendoza Kershaw, Josephine, Solari, Sebastian,
Sly, David F., Urich, Jennifer and David
Zucker. (May 2000) “Florida’s “truth” Campaign: A Counter-Marketing,
Anti-tobacco media Campaign.” Journal of Public Health Management Practice;
6(3): 1-6.
The “truth” campaign was created to change youth
attitudes about tobacco and to reduce teen tobacco use throughout Florida by
using youth-driven advertising, public relations, and advocacy. Results of the campaign include a ninety-two
percent brand awareness rate among teens, a fifteen percent rise in teens who
agree with key attitudinal statements about smoking, a 19.4 percent decline in
smoking among middle school students, and a 8.0 percent decline among high
school students. States committed to
results-oriented youth anti-tobacco campaigns should are urged to look to
Florida’s ‘truth” campaign as a model that effectively places youth at the helm
of anti-tobacco efforts.
FAME FLORIDA-NATIONAL COMPARISONS
This report gives particular attention to the pattern of change in anti-tobacco advertisements as well as general campaign awareness and confirmed awareness and to differences in those for significant demographic groups and the different media forms used to deliver advertisement messages. This report focuses on Florida and its Truth campaign followed by the comparisons data on Florida and National awareness and confirmed awareness of anti-tobacco media advertisements at baseline (April 1998) and the one-year anniversary of the Truth campaign.
This
report includes the following sections – (1) Exposure to Anti-tobacco media
messages, and Awareness and Confirmed Awareness of the Truth campaign and Truth
Media Advertisements over One Year. (2) Changes in Anti-tobacco media Exposure,
Awareness and Confirmed Awareness of Anti-tobacco Advertisements In Florida and
the U.S. (3) Population Based Changes in Anti-tobacco Attitudes In Florida and
the U.S. and (4) Population Based Changes in Tobacco Use Behaviors in Florida
and the U.S.
The data presented in this report were collected in October 1999: they portray media campaign activity and youth reaction to this for the first six months of the second year of the campaign. This was a period when the level of media activity declined significantly, and a period during which a number of organizational and staffing changes in the Pilot Program took place.
This
report presents the analysis of the tracking and monitoring data in the level
of awareness and confirmed awareness of the Truth Campaign and the Media
Program. It also considers a number of measures of each of these factors at a
bivariate level concluding the section with a multivariate analysis of each
factor contorting for the age and gender of the child. Additionally, It
contains information not covered in previous FAME surveys and examines issues
related to the Education component of the Campaign.
Heald, Gary and Sly, David F. (October 1999) “Smoking-Related Behavioral Change and Maintenance during the
Truth Campaign: Follow-up Survey Results.” Florida State University.
This report investigates five substantive issues directly related to Florida Tobacco Pilot Program effects. These include cigarette-use behaviors; respondent-reported influences on changes in cigarette-use behaviors, consideration of multiple campaign component effects on prevention and cessation, a more detailed consideration of the effects of the media component, and lastly, an analysis of the effects of some attitude change on cigarette-use behavior change.
This report attempts to take first steps in
addressing a number of the issues that could not be investigated in the 1999 Follow-up
Report. These steps required some changes in sampling strategy and even changes
in how key variables are measured.
The focus of this
report is on the prevention effects of the media components. Particular
attention is given to the linkages between exposure levels to advertisements,
cognitive awareness of the campaign’s message theme and anti-tobacco industry
manipulation attitudes and behavior change. Within the constraints of the
sample size, the report considers how age at the start of the campaign operates
on campaign effects by looking at effects within and across three different
cohorts, including one that has now aged out of its “youth” years and into is
early young adult years.
This report gives
considerably more attention to each of the other program components. This
analysis focuses on two issues: 1) Have these components contributed to the
outcome based prevention goal of the campaign? 2) To what extent are these
components penetrating the target population?
Section IV: Reducing Youth Access
Alan, Stuart MBA, Langer, Lilly M.
MPH, PhD., Perez McDonald, Linda BA, Warheit, George J. PhD., and Williams,
Gretchen BA. (1999) “State of Florida Final Report Teen Tobacco Court
Evaluation Project 1999.” Florida
International University, Center for Youth Development.
The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a judicial centered prevention program on the tobacco use behaviors of a sample of adolescents cited for tobacco possession and remanded to appear in court in South Florida. The specific objectives and aims included the following: 1) To determine, over time, how a citation for tobacco possession and an appearance in court affected the tobacco related attitudes and behaviors of a cohort of tobacco offenders in Broward County, Florida. 2) To determine how the tobacco related attitudes and behaviors of teens differed by gender, race, and ethnicity. 3) To determine the tobacco related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of the parents/guardians of the cited teenagers. 4) To determine how the educational levels of the parents/guardians were related to their tobacco attitudes and behaviors. 5) To determine the level of concordance of tobacco attitudes and behavioral perceptions among teens cited for possession and their parents/guardians. 6) To offer tentative suggestions for the development of future tobacco prevention/intervention programs with youth and adolescents.
The public has become increasingly aware of the health risks associated with tobacco products and one of the consequences of this awareness has been the passage of law in all of the fifty states which regulate the purchase/possession of tobacco.
The overall objective of this research was to determine
the effectiveness of a teen tobacco prevention program being conducted in the
courts in Broward County, Florida. The aims in this research was: 1) to
determine, over time, how a citation for tobacco possession and an appearance
in court affected the tobacco related attitudes and behaviors of a cohort of
tobacco offenders in Broward County, Florida; 2) to determine how the tobacco
related attitudes and behaviors of teens differed by gender, race, and
ethnicity; 3) to determine the tobacco related knowledge, attitudes, and
behaviors of the parents/guardians of the cited teenagers; 4) to determine how
the educational levels of the parents/guardians were related to their tobacco
attitudes and behaviors; 5) to determine the level of concordance of tobacco attitudes
and behavioral perceptions among teens cited for possession and their
parents/guardians; 6) to offer tentative suggestions for the development of
future tobacco prevention/intervention programs with youth and adolescents.
The meta evaluation of the enforcement component of
the Florida Tobacco Pilot Program included an analysis of data and reports
accumulated during the first two years of the Florida Tobacco Pilot. Reports and available data were examined for
major enforcement issues, and for continuity and discontinuity across the
results. Possession enforcement results
indicate that 1) enforcement reduces youth tobacco use in the general
population of youth and among youth who are cited, 2) law enforcement agencies
and personnel are not involved with tobacco enforcement unless local
agencies receive state support for enforcement activities, and 3) community
opinion leader support for this program is high and increasing. Results
indicate low levels of awareness of critical elements of the law by both
parents and children. Retail Sales
enforcement results indicate that most stores (over 90%) do not sell tobacco
products to children, and community leaders strongly support enforcement of
retail sales laws.
The purpose of the Study was to assess the impact of Florida’s law governing possession of tobacco by youth on youth’s attitudes and behaviors by comparing low enforcement counties to high enforcement counties in Florida. The study builds on recent surveys in Florida of law enforcement officers and community opinion leaders.
Jopling Sayre, Judith M.A.J.C., Livingood, William C. Ph.D., Wludyka,
Peter Ph.D., and Woodhouse, Carolyn D. Ed.D. (June 28, 1999) “Florida Office of
Tobacco Control Law Enforcement Study Impact of Possession Enforcement Final
Report.”
The purpose of the Study was to assess the impact of Florida’s law governing possession of tobacco by youth on youth’s attitudes and behaviors by comparing low enforcement counties to high enforcement counties in Florida.
This
report was intended to answer the question, Does enforcement of tobacco
possession laws impact tobacco use by youth, through a mixed method research
design that captures the advantages of both quantitative and qualitative
methods.
Section V: Surveillance and Epidemiology
PRIDE Questionnaire Report:
National Summary
·
PRIDE Surveys. (June 10, 1998) “Pride Questionnaire Report
1997-98 National Summary, Grades 6
through 12.”
·
PRIDE Surveys. (August 11, 1998) “Pride Questionnaire Report
1997-98 National Summary, No Cigarette Use.”
·
PRIDE Surveys. (August 10, 1998) “Pride Questionnaire Report
1997-98 National Summary, Monthly Cigarette Use.”
PRIDE Questionnaire Report:
Florida Summary
·
PRIDE Surveys. (August 11, 1998) “Pride Questionnaire Report
1997-98 Florida Summary, Grades 6 through 12.”
·
PRIDE Surveys. (August 11, 1998) “Pride Questionnaire Report
1997-98 Florida Summary, No Cigarette Use
·
PRIDE Surveys. (August 11, 1998) “Pride Questionnaire Report
1997-98 Florida Summary, Monthly Cigarette Use
§
Bauer, Ursula
& Johnson, Tammie (November 2000). “2000 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey
County Study and Data Book.” Florida
Department of Health, Bureau of Epidemiology.
§
FYTS. (June 6,
2000) “2000 Florida Youth Tobacco
Survey Results, Revised” Florida
Department of Health; Vol. 3.
·
FYTS. (January
7, 2000) “Tobacco Use Among Florida’s Diverse Populations, 1998 to 1999.” Florida Department of Health; Vol. 2.
·
FYTS.
(November 16, 1999) “Assessing Program Impacts, 1998 to 1999.” Florida
Department of Health; Vol. 2.
·
FYTS. (August
12, 1999) “Highlights from Pilot Program Areas – at the end of year 1.” Florida Department of Health; Supplement 1,
Vol. 2.
·
FYTS. (June
10, 1999) “Highlights from Pilot Program Areas – at the end of year 1.” Department of Health; Supplement 2, Vol. 2.
·
FYTS. (April
15, 1999) “1999 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey.” Department of Health; Vol. 2.
·
FYTS. (March
23, 1999) “Florida Youth Tobacco Survey.” Department of Health; Vol.2.
·
FYTS.
(December 30, 1998) “Cigars and Smokeless Tobacco Use.” Department of Health; Vol. 1.
·
FYTS.
(December 23, 1998) “Tobacco Use Among Florida’s Minority Populations.” Department of Health; Vol. 1.
·
FYTS.
(December 2, 1998) “Predictors of Tobacco Use.” Department of Health; Vol. 1.
·
FYTS.
(September 24, 1998) “Tobacco Use Prevention Education.” Department of Health; Vol. 1.
·
FYTS. (August
28, 1998) “Social Attitudes and Health Beliefs.” Department of Health; Vol. 1.
·
FYTS. (July
22, 1998) “Key Cigarette Use Indicators.” Department of Health; Vol. 1.
Bryant, Jennifer B.S., Hopkins,
Richard M.D., M.S.P.H., and Thompson, Dan M.P.H. “1997 & 1998
Smoking-Attributable Mortality Report.”
Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Epidemiology.
The Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Morbidity and Economic Cost (SAMMEC 3.0) software program was developed by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention to calculate measures of the disease impact of cigarette smoking for the United States and for each individual state. SAMEC 3.0 was used as a model for the Bureau of Epidemiology staff to create a program to calculate the disease impact measures for each county in Florida.
The
purpose of this report is to develop an Access program for calculating the
smoking-attributable statistics for each county by using the
smoking-attributable fraction calculation, smoking-attributable mortality
calculation and relative Risk Estimates, provided in the SAMMEC 3.0 software.
Bauer, Ursula E., Hopkins, Richard
S., Johnson, Tammie M., and Thompson, Daniel R. (December 15, 1999) “The Health
and Economic Impact of Tobacco Use in Florida.” Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Epidemiology.
This is an occasional
paper of the Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Epidemiology. This paper discusses the heavy toll of
tobacco use on both the health and economic well-being of all Floridians. The topics addressed include: (1)
Smoking-attributable mortality, (2) Smoking-attributable years of potential
life lost and hospitalizations, (3) Smoking-attributable expenditures, (4)
Smoking-attributable Medicaid expenditures in children and pregnant women, and
(5) The impact of cigarette smoking on infant health.
This is an
occasional paper of the Florida Department of Health, Bureau of
Epidemiology. Tobacco use exacts a
heavy toll on both the health and economic well-being of all Floridians. Tobacco use is associated with higher
mortality, disease, and medical costs, and is the leading cause of premature,
preventable death. Controlling and
eventually eliminating tobacco use is a public health priority.
The topics
addressed in this report include: (1) Smoking-attributable mortality, (2)
Smoking-attributable years of potential life-lost and hospitalizations, (3)
Smoking-attributable expenditures, (4) Smoking-attributable Medicaid expenditures
in children and pregnant women, and (5) The impact of cigarette smoking on
infant health.
Introduction
The
objective of the Florida Youth Cohort Study is to measure the impact of the
Tobacco Pilot Program on youth throughout Florida. Specifically, to measure changes over time in tobacco related
knowledge, program awareness, empowerment, and to determine predictors of
changes in attitudes and behaviors.
Methods
This study followed a cohort of 1219 students throughout Florida starting in grades 4-7. The students were given a 20-minute survey and were offered an incentive.
Results
The results from the cohort study indicate that community activities are an under-utilized portion of the program. The follow-up data show increases from the baseline data, in SWAT awareness and involvement with other anti-tobacco activities. Attitudes towards tobacco continue to be a predictor of smoking in the cohort. The higher the attitude scales, the less likely the participant is to have tried smoking. And finally, significant decreases in mean media scores were seen among all subgroups of the cohort examined.
Langer, Lilly M. MPH, PhD.,
Tubman, Jonathan G. PhD, and Warheit, George J. (May 29, 1998) “State of
Florida Tobacco Pilot Project Statewide Baseling Survey of: Teachers and
Principals-1998.” Florida International
University, Center for Youth Development.
This summary presents a brief overview of the findings produced by a large telephone survey from a sample of 383 principals and 578 teachers employed in schools throughout the State of Florida.
The
research was designed to secure base line data on tobacco use prevention
programs in Florida’s middle and high public schools. In addition, the research
focused the educational background and training of those teaching in the
prevention programs and, in addition, it was designed to identify barriers,
which limited the effective implementation of these programs. The survey
instrument also obtained data on the location, size of student body, number of
teachers involved in the tobacco use prevention programs, and the racial,
ethic, and socioeconomic characteristics of the students in Florida’s public
schools.
Section VI: Summary and Integrative Report
Comprehensive Tobacco Program Evaluation
Florida Department of Health and
the University of Miami. (December 15, 1999) “Youth Tobacco Prevention in
Florida, An Independent Evaluation of The Florida Tobacco Pilot Program.”
This summary presents a brief overview of the findings produced by a large telephone survey from a sample of 383 principals and 578 teachers employed in schools throughout the State of Florida.
The
research was designed to secure base line data on tobacco use prevention
programs in Florida’s middle and high public schools. In addition, the research
focused the educational background and training of those teaching in the
prevention programs and, in addition, it was designed to identify barriers,
which limited the effective implementation of these programs. The survey
instrument also obtained data on the location, size of student body, number of
teachers involved in the tobacco use prevention programs, and the racial,
ethic, and socioeconomic characteristics of the students in Florida’s public
schools.
University of Miami (November 1999) “Synthesis of Evaluation Results:
Florida Tobacco Pilot Program.” School of Medicine, Tobacco Research and
Evaluation Coordinating Center.
In 1995, Florida filed a lawsuit against the tobacco industry, otherwise known as Governor Lawton Chiles, et al. v American Tobacco Co., et al. As a result of the settlement, in 1997, $13 billion was awarded to the state over twenty-five years. Of the $13 billion, $200 million was allocated to an anti-smoking campaign that was to be targeted towards youth. This led to the implementation of The Florida Tobacco Pilot Program in June of 1998, which includes five main components: Enforcement, Education, Community Partnerships, Media, and Evaluation.
This report summarizes the results of the
evaluation of the Tobacco Pilot Program.
It considers the original four TPP goals in each program component,
those being: changing attitudes; empowering youth; decreasing availability and
accessibility; and, reducing Environmental Tobacco Smoke exposure, as they are
addressed within the five program areas.
University of Miami. (December 2000). “An Independent Evaluation of
Florida’s Tobacco Pilot Program: Two-Year Report.” School of Medicine, Tobacco
Research and Evaluation Coordinating Center.
Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United State. In response to the public health problem, and utilizing funds from the 1997 settlement between Florida and Big Tobacco, the State of Florida established the youth-focused Florida Tobacco Pilot Program (FTPP) in 1998. The FTPP was placed under the auspices of the Florida Department of Health in July 1999.
This
report is first annual summary of activities of FTPP conducted from July 1998
to June 1999.
(Annotation Forthcoming)
Easton,
Peter. (December 11-13, 2000) “Empowering Youth for Tobacco Control”: Products
and Recommendations of the Workshop.”
A report to the Florida Department of Health and the University of Miami
Tobacco Research and Evaluation Coordination Center.