Amblyopia: Amblyopia "lazy eye" is reduced vision in an eye that has not received adequate use during early childhood and the vision pathways in the brain don't grow strong enough. One eye becomes stronger than the other eye. If this condition persists, the weaker eye may become useless. If amblyopia hasn't been treated by 8 to 10 years of age, the child will have poor vision for life. http://www.preventblindness.org/children/amblyopiaFAQ.html Ambulatory Care: Health care provided to persons without their admission to a health facility. Birth Rate: Birth rate is calculated by dividing the number of live births in a population in a year by the midyear resident population. Birth rates are expressed as the number of live births per 1,000 population. The rate may be restricted to births to women of specific age, race, marital status, or geographic location (specific rate), or it may be related to the entire population (crude rate). Birth Weight: A birth weight is the first weight of the newborn obtained after birth. Body Mass Index (BMI): BMI is a measure that adjusts bodyweight for height. It is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Overweight for children and adolescents is defined as BMI at or above the sex-and age-specific 95th percentile BMI cut points from the revised CDC Growth Charts. Caries Experience: The sum of filled and unfilled cavities, along with any missing teeth resulting from decay.(3) Cause Of Disease: A factor (characteristic, behavior, event, etc.) that directly influences the occurrence of disease. A reduction of the factor in the population should lead to a reduction in the occurrence of disease. Cause-of-Death: For the purpose of national mortality statistics, every death is attributed to one underlying condition, based on information reported on the death certificate and utilizing the international rules for selecting the underlying cause-of-death from the reported conditions. Chronic Condition: A chronic condition refers to any condition lasting 3 months or more or is a condition classified as chronic regardless of its time of onset (for example, diabetes, heart conditions, emphysema, and arthritis). Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH): Newborns are screened for a defect in the enzyme – 21-hydoxylase. Early diagnosis and treatment has great benefit to the infant – Signs of the disease if not treated include hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, dehydration and early death; ambiguous genitalia in females and progressive virilization in both sexes. Treatment will prevent adrenal crises, persistent virilization and adult short stature due to androgen effect of premature skeletal maturation. Plastic surgery corrects ambiguous genitalia in female. (Prevalence (1:16,000 to 1:17,000; 1:3,000 Native Eskimo) Congenital Hypothyroidism: Hypothyroidism is one of the most common of endocrine disorders in childhood. Lacking one specific target organ, thyroid hormones play a role in the biologic processes of essentially every organ's system. Newborns are screened for the absence of the thyroid gland, hypoplastic, or dysfunctional thyroid gland. Mental and motor retardation, short stature, coarse dry skin and hair, constipation, hoarse cry are among the symptoms. Treatment and management includes the replacement of the thyroid hormone L-thyroxine, maintenance of levels in upper half of normal range and monitoring of bone growth and development. (Prevalence 1:5,000-1-6:000, ethnic variation in prevalence -- 1:12,000 black, 1:1,000 Indian) Contact: Exposure to a source of an infection, or a person so exposed. Contagious: Capable of being transmitted from one person to another by contact or close proximity. Death Rate: A death rate is calculated by dividing the number of deaths in a population in a year by the midyear resident population. Demographic Information: The ``person'' characteristics--age, sex, race, and occupation--of descriptive epidemiology used to characterize the populations at risk. Dental Caries (dental decay or cavities): An infectious disease that results in demineralization and ultimately cavitation of the tooth surface if not controlled or remineralized. Dental cavities may be either treated (filled) or untreated (unfilled).(3) Disability: Disability is a general term that refers to any long- or short-term reduction of a person's activity as a result of an acute or chronic condition. E. coli O157:H7: An infection of variable severity characterized by diarrhea (often bloody) and abdominal cramps. Illness may be complicated by hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP); asymptomatic infections also may occur. (CDC Epidemiology Program Office, 2002) http://www.cdc.gov/epo/dphsi/casedef/escherichia_coli_current.htm Early Childhood Caries (ECC): Dental decay of the primary teeth of infants and young children (aged 1 to 5 years) often characterized by rapid destruction.(3) Emergency Department Visit: An emergency department visit is a direct personal exchange between a patient and a physician or other health care providers working under the physician's supervision, for the purpose of seeking care and receiving personal health services. Visits resulting in a hospital admission are excluded. Emergency Department: According to the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, an emergency department is a hospital facility for the provision of unscheduled outpatient services to patients whose conditions require immediate care and is staffed 24 hours a day. Off-site emergency departments open less than 24 hours are included if staffed by the hospital's emergency department.

Epidemic: The occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time. Epidemiology: Study of the distribution and determinant diseases and injuries in human populations. Epidemiology is concerned with frequencies and types of injuries and illness in groups of people and with factors that influence the distribution of illness and injuries in populations. Family Income: Family income includes wages, salaries, rents from property, interest, dividends, profits and fees from their own businesses, pensions, and help from relatives. Fertility Rate: Fertility rate is the total number of live births, regardless of age of mother, per1,000 women of reproductive age, 15-44 years. Fetal Death: Fetal death is death before the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy; the death is indicated by the fact that after such separation, the fetus does not breathe or show any other evidence of life, such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles. A fetal death rate is the number of fetal deaths with stated or presumed gestation of 20 weeks or more divided by the sum of live births plus fetal deaths, stated per 1,000 live births plus fetal deaths, and a late fetal death rate is the number of fetal deaths with stated or presumed gestation of 28 weeks or more divided by the sum of live births plus late fetal deaths, stated per 1,000 live births plus late fetal deaths. First-Listed Diagnosis: In the National Hospital Discharge Survey, this is the first recorded final diagnosis on the medical record summary sheet. Galactosemia: Newborns are screened for an absence of the enzyme Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) to convert galactose into glucose. Without diet management of limiting galactose and lactose from the diet, baby's will develop vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, disturbances of liver function, severe brain damage, mental retardation, kidney damage, blindness and cataracts in neonates and death if untreated from severe dehydration, sepsis or liver failure. (Prevalence 1:75,000) Gestation: For the National Vital Statistics System and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Abortion Surveillance, the period of gestation is defined as beginning with the first day of the last normal menstrual period and ending with the day of birth or day of termination of pregnancy. Health Indicator: A measure that reflects, or indicates, the state of health of persons in a defined population, e.g., the infant mortality rate. Health Information System: A combination of health statistics from various sources, used to derive information about health status, health care, provision and use of services, and impact on health. Health Insurance: Private health insurance includes private health insurance or a single service hospital plan. Private health insurance includes managed care such as health maintenance organizations (HMOs). Public forms of health insurance are Medicare, Medicaid, public assistance, a state-sponsored health plan, other government-sponsored programs, or a military health plan. Health Maintenance Organization (HMO): An HMO is a prepaid health plan delivering comprehensive care to members through designated providers, having a fixed monthly payment for health care services, and requiring members to be in a plan for a specified period of time (usually 1 year). Health: A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Hemoglobinopathies (Sickle Cell Disease and Thallasemia): Detectable at birth, newborns are screened for hemoglobin diseases which are a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by synthesis of abnormal hemoglobin molecules or decreased synthesis of a beta globin chain. Substitution, addition or deletion of amino acids occurs to globin chains. Affected newborns with sickle cell disease may have early overwhelmng sepsis and require prompt evaluation at a comprehensive care facility. Early care and prophylactic penicillin can reduce morbidity and mortality. Prevalence (1:4000 of African descent and 1:1300 in general population. High-Risk Group: A group in the community with an elevated risk of disease. Home Health Care: Home health care as defined by the National Home and Hospice Care Survey is care provided to individuals and families in their place of residence for promoting, maintaining, or restoring health; or for minimizing the effects of disability and illness including terminal illness. Hospital Discharge: The National Health Interview Survey defines a hospital discharge as the completion of any continuous period of stay of one night or more in a hospital as an inpatient. Impairment: An impairment is a health condition that includes chronic or permanent health defects resulting from disease, injury, or congenital malformations. Incidence: Incidence is the number of cases of disease having their onset during a prescribed period of time. It is often expressed as a rate (for example, the incidence of measles per 1,000 children 5-15 years of age during a specified year). Incidence is a measure of morbidity or other events that occur within a specified period of time. Infant Death / Mortality: An infant death is the death of a live-born child before his or her first birthday. Deaths in the first year of life may be further classified according to age as neonatal and postneonatal. Neonatal deaths are those that occur before the 28th day of life; postneonatal deaths are those that occur between 28 and 365 days of age. An infant mortality rate is based on period files calculated by dividing the number of infant deaths during a calendar year by the number of live births reported in the same year. It is expressed as the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.